Understanding the intrapersonal and interpersonal impacts of the first years of menstruation in organised sports

This study used a cross-sectional survey to explore intrapersonal and interpersonal factors influencing menstruation management in organised sport in Victoria, Australia, highlighting leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) as a key context shaping health behaviours. Participants from Swimming Victoria and Little Athletics Victoria completed an online survey (n = 464). Intrapersonal factors vary by gynaecological and chronological age. Younger participants were more likely to plan for leaks and worried about menstruation, while older participants were more likely to use tracking apps and medication for symptom management. Positive beliefs about sport and menstruation were more common in older participants and higher-level athletes, whereas those closer to menarche were less inclined to discuss menstruation openly. Despite moderate menstrual knowledge, sport-specific understanding was limited and was not associated with menstrual needs being met. Interpersonal dynamics revealed that perceived support was strongly gendered. Parents were a main source of support for younger participants, while teammates became more influential with age. Participants were uncomfortable seeking support from coaches but wanted menstrual education in the sport setting for all stakeholders. Findings highlight the need for inclusive, targeted strategies to improve menstrual health literacy, while acknowledging menstruation as a gendered and embodied leisure constraint shaping participation and engagement across LTPA.