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This review will systematically identify, critically appraise, and synthesize quantitative longitudinal studies of psychosocial co-development involving two parents or parental caregivers and one infant, child or adolescent. It will examine the form of triadic analysis, the direction of longitudinal associations, and the methodological adequacy of the designs and analytical models used. The primary objective is to systematically review and synthesize quantitative longitudinal evidence on psychosocial interdependencies among two parents or parental caregivers and one focal infant, child, or adolescent, focusing on longitudinal links among caregiver psychosocial functioning, caregiver–caregiver and caregiver–child relationships, and child psychosocial functioning.
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Festini et al. (2026) studied this question.
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