Bridging building physics and architectural design: a systematic review and conceptual framework for efficient stack effect utilization

Buildings account for approximately 34% of global energy consumption and 37% of energy-related CO₂ emissions. The stack effect is a well-established physical phenomenon that drives natural ventilation and can serve as an effective passive strategy for reducing operational energy consumption in buildings. However, its integration into architectural design remains fragmented. Current literature lacks a comprehensive categorization of stack elements and a structured architectural framework for the effective utilization of the stack effect. This research employs a PRISMA-based systematic review and bibliometric synthesis of 151 peer-reviewed publications to map the utilization of stack-driven systems within buildings and identify the main trends and gaps in literature. The analysis reveals several core gaps within the architectural implementation of the stack effect; for instance, the disproportionate focus on the stack effect for natural ventilation over year-round thermal moderation, and the lack of integration between diverse architectural stack elements and types within unified systems. The research provides a comprehensive taxonomy of stack elements and types, establishing a standardized classification for architectural utilization. Furthermore, the research proposes a conceptual framework, consisting of three phases: Design Context Analysis, Strategy and System Selection, and Design Optimization. This framework provides a strategic roadmap and decision-support tool for architects to optimally harness the stack effect across diverse contexts. By integrating building physics and architectural design, this research contributes to advancing sustainability within the built environment.