“Compassion-Wisdom Synergy” in End-of-Life Zhunian-Chanting: A Buddhist Spiritual Care Framework Grounded in Chinese Mainland Volunteer Narratives

, ), aligning spiritual goals with clinical constraints; (3) Liminal communion: shared vulnerability in death's liminality fosters intersubjective connection through collective ritual; and (4) Spiritual reflection and transformation: participants described chanting as supporting peace, acceptance, and changing understandings of mortality and existential meaning. Rooted in Mahāyāna teachings, this framework explicates the translation of doctrines into lived praxis while highlighting the broader principles of compassionate presence and adaptive discernment, that may contribute to dignity, relational care, and culturally responsive practice in secular end-of-life settings.