Halftone-printing for a facile control of electrical resistance

Here we present the use of grayscale or halftone printing, such as widely used in commercial optical prints, as an alternative way to adjust the electrical resistance of functional prints. In a single screen printing step, a pattern with electrical resistance varying by two orders of magnitude can be achieved using established printing recipes. This increases the range of applicable inks, including more well-known highly conductive ones, and allows for more freedom including simplifications of the pattern design and miniaturization of devices such as heaters, current limiters or voltage dividers.