Global trends and regulatory frameworks drive sustainable solutions to e-waste management challenges

Over the past two decades, the rapid adoption of digital infrastructure has led to an unprecedented rise in the production of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) worldwide. Consequently, there has been a substantial increase in the production of electronic waste(e-waste). Because of its high volume and the presence of toxic metals, persistent organic pollutants, and trace contaminants, e-waste is considered one of the most toxic waste streams. Poor e-waste management practices through informal methods have further intensified air, water, and soil pollution, posing serious threats to human health, ecosystems, and socio-economic sustainability. This research critically evaluates the global e-waste generation trend, policy frameworks, and management practices, with a focus on the disparity between developed and developing countries. The environmental, biological, socio-economic, and psychological consequences of poor e-waste management practices are systematically evaluated across various geographical locations. Looking ahead, this research highlights the imperative need to develop sustainable, future-proof technologies by embracing green technologies such as Advanced oxidation, biosorption, biochar, and other nanotechnology-based detoxification approaches. Furthermore, this research work places sustainable e-waste management practices at the forefront of environmental resilience, resource security, and global public health safeguarding through informed policy, technological, and biological innovation.