Socio-Economic Determinants of Female Education in Kerala: A Historical and Socio-Cultural Analysis

Kerala is widely recognised for its remarkable achievements in literacy, education and social development. The state has recorded significant improvements in female literacy over the decades, narrowing the gender gap in educational attainment. However, despite these achievements, women continue to experience various socio-economic and cultural constraints that influence their educational opportunities, economic independence and social status. This article examines the socio-economic determinants of female education in Kerala by considering its historical development, social structure, property relations, gender norms and educational progress. Particular attention is given to the transformation of the traditional matrilineal system, the influence of colonial interventions, land ownership, dowry practices and the relationship between education and women's empowerment. The article also examines literacy and educational enrolment patterns in Kerala, with particular reference to Wayanad and Kozhikode districts. The discussion highlights that improvements in literacy and educational access do not automatically ensure women's autonomy and empowerment. Therefore, a broader understanding of female education requires consideration of economic resources, household decision-making, social mobility and prevailing gender relations.