CO gaps in cold transition disks around low-mass stars

Transition disks with large inner dust cavities are promising targets to study regarding planet formation, as these disks likely host massive planetary companions. The structure of gas and dust inside the cavity are crucial for understanding the potential of planet formation in the regions. We investigated the structure of gas and dust in a sample of three cold inclined transition disks around K and M stars without evidence of an inner dusty disk. We present new high-resolution ALMA Band 6 data of both 230 GHz continuum at 0farcs02 (∼ 3 au) resolution and the 12 CO 2--1, ^13CO 2--1, and C^18O 2--1 isotopologues at 0 (∼ 20$ au) resolution. We analyzed the radial profiles, computed the brightness temperatures, and derived estimates of the gas and dust content of the inner disk at 1 au. All three disks show dust cavities of 30--40 au in radius. The CO emission extends inside the cavity with progressively smaller CO cavity radii for the more abundant isotopologues. The ^13CO brightness temperature profile is similar to that of other transition disks and full disks. No inner dust disk was detected in the ALMA continuum, which is consistent with a lack of near-infrared excess. Considering the accretion rates, the gas-to-dust ratio in the inner disk at 1 au is estimated to be as high as 10$^5. No significant differences in the brightness temperature or in the gas-to-dust ratio were found between our disks and other transition disks around more luminous stars, contrary to expectations. This highlights the importance of individual-target studies through thermochemical modeling or multi-transition analyses to constrain the dust and gas structures in the cavity. The observed disk structures could be explained by a super-Jovian companion on eccentric orbits, but further modeling is needed to confirm this conclusion.