Biomimetic Nanosystems as Emerging Catalysts for Translational Innovation in Healthcare

Biomimetic nanosystems are engineered platforms at the nanoscale range that emulate selected structural and compositional features to reproduce their advantageous interactions with the complex biological environments. These systems, inspired by the biological cell membrane(s), have emerged as a promising technology with a variety of biomedical applications. However, they are still in their early stage of clinical development. Biomimetic nanosystems may be produced by incorporating the desired nanoparticles into synthesized membrane(s). Such nanosystems exhibit greater immunocompatibility, immune evasion, and extended circulation times. Therefore, this study examines the latest advancements in the design and engineering of biomimetic nanosystems, focusing on membrane insertion/integration, hybridization, surface functionalization and modification, and metabolic engineering that could enhance the multifunctionality, hybrid membrane engineering, stimulus-responsive behavior, and scalability of these systems. The unique characteristics of these nanosystems have been investigated and applied in various fields, including medicine delivery, vaccine research, antidote(s) manufacturing, imaging, and sensing, which are critically discussed. Furthermore, this review has summarized the practical challenges related to translation, such as stability, reproducibility, functionality, regulatory complexity, and efficacy. This review also highlights both the opportunities and limitations of these emerging platforms and outlines key directions for the development of clinically relevant nanomedicine. As a result, this study serves as the foundation for future research into the multifunctional nanobiomimetic system.