Key result
Coexisting hypertension and chronic liver disease linked to ~6-fold increase in mortality since 1999.
Why the study?
Chronic liver disease and hypertension frequently co-occur and share cardiometabolic risk factors, motivating an assessment of national mortality trends associated with these coexisting conditions.
Observational (n=198,234)
Yes
National mortality associated with coexisting hypertension and chronic liver disease increased six-fold between 1999 and 2024, with pronounced disparities affecting males, non-Hispanic American Indian populations, rural communities, and adults aged 75 and older.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Coexisting hypertension and chronic liver disease may warrant integrated surveillance in older males and rural groups; leaves open causal mechanisms and intervention targets.
Background Chronic liver disease (CLD) and hypertension (HTN) are frequently co-occurring conditions with shared cardiometabolic risk factors. Our goal was to assess mortality trends associated with these co-occurring conditions on a national level. Methods The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (1999–2024) database was used to assess deaths involving both HTN and CLD. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were computed per 100,000 population, and temporal mortality patterns were noted by calculating annual percentage changes (APCs) using the joinpoint regression program. Results Between 1999 and 2024, there were 198,234 deaths representing coexisting HTN and CLD. The overall AAMR increased from 1.0 to 6.2 per 100,000, surging between 2018 and 2021 (APC: 17.66, p < 0.001) before stabilizing through 2024 (APC: 0.44, p = 0.51). The AAMRs were higher for males than females (8.2 vs. 4.4 in 2024). The non-Hispanic American Indian population had the highest peak AAMR (20.8 in 2021). Mortality was rising faster in non-metropolitan than metropolitan areas. Subgroup analysis by age showed a dose–response relationship, with AAMRs being the highest among the 85+ (25.8) group. Notably, while mortality for ages 65–74 plateaued after 2021 (APC: 1.35, p = 0.08), it continued to rise significantly for ages 75–84 (APC: 5.04, p = 0.009) and 85+ (APC: 13.75, p < 0.001). Conclusions The mortality associated with CLD and HTN increased significantly between 1999 and 2024 and is highly inequitable with respect to rural communities, specific ethnoracial groups, and adults over 75. Our findings highlight the need for integrated care pathways and interventions in cardiometabolic-hepatology for highly vulnerable populations.
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Ahmad et al. (2026) conducted an observational in Coexisting hypertension and chronic liver disease (n=198,234). Coexisting hypertension and chronic liver disease was evaluated on Age-adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 population (APC 17.66 (2018-2021), p=<0.001). Coexisting hypertension and chronic liver disease was associated with an age-adjusted mortality rate increase from 1.0 to 6.2 per 100,000 from 1999 to 2024, surging in 2018-2021 (APC 17.66, p<0.001).
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