How does AI-based Canva enhance cooperative literacy learning? Insight from a CIRC-based PLS-SEM model

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into collaborative learning offers new opportunities to enhance literacy education in higher education. However, empirical evidence regarding the role of AI-based tools in supporting collaborative literacy learning remains limited. This study investigates the effect of AI-Based Canva on the effectiveness of the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) model. A quantitative explanatory design was employed, involving 243 undergraduate students from Indonesian Language and Literature Education programs across Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that AI-Based Canva significantly improves the effectiveness of the CIRC model (β = 0.802, p < 0.001). Self-regulated learning, reading skills, writing skills, and social skills were also found to significantly predict students’ use of AI-Based Canva. The findings highlight AI-Based Canva as a key technological mediator that enhances collaborative literacy learning and supports student autonomy and engagement.