Evaluation of Some Physical–chemical Properties of Wheat, Cassava, Maize and Cowpea Flours for Bread Making

ABSTRACT Both the physical and chemical characteristics of flours affect their quality and the subsequent products from them. The comparative evaluation of particle size, moisture content, bulk density, color, water absorption capacity, pasting viscosity, fat and protein contents of wheat, cassava, maize and cowpea flours were determined using standard methods. Composite breads were produced from 50:30:20, 60:20:20, 70:20:10; 80:10:10, 85:10:5 and 90:5:5 ratio of wheat–cassava/maize–cowpea flours, respectively. Breads produced were subjected to sensory and proximate analyses. The particle size, moisture content, bulk density, water absorption capacity, fat and protein contents of wheat, cassava, maize and cowpea flours are as follows: 154–343 µm, 13.3–14.9% db, 327.4–497.5 kg/m 3 , 31.9–221.8 g/g, 1.01–2.3% and 2.6–19.39% . Wheat flour had the lowest pasting temperature of 56.1C. Significance differences at P < 0.05 were recorded between most of the properties of the flours. Composite bread of 85% wheat, 10% cassava, 5% cowpea; 90% wheat, 5% cassava, 5% cowpea; and 90% wheat, 5% maize, 5% cowpea were accepted by a sensory evaluation panelist. Substitution with cowpea fruit improved the protein content of the bread. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In developing countries such as Nigeria, this study is one of the efforts directed toward identifying nonwheat sources that could be used as substitutes to wheat flour in bread making, and hence affects savings in foreign exchange by reducing wheat importation. Published works on physical and chemical properties of cassava, maize and cowpea flours provides information for researchers on this area of study. With these, the behavior of flours can be predicted. All varieties of the three crops used for the experiment are commercially cultivated in Nigeria; hence the research findings can be easily adapted in commercial bread production. These will result in increased demand for the crops and processing equipment, and subsequently job opportunities will be created. The nutritive value of commercial bread will also be enhanced by the addition of cowpea flour.