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Smart materials cover a wide and developing range of technologies. A particular type of smart material, known as chromogenics, can be used for large area glazing in buildings, automobiles, planes, and for certain types of electronic display. These technologies consist of electrically-driven media including electrochromism, suspended particle electrophoresis, polymer dispersed liquid crystals, electrically heated thermotropics, and gaschromics.
Carl M. Lampert (Tue,) studied this question.