Reaction Intermediates in Acid Catalysis by Zeolites:  Prediction of the Relative Tendency To Form Alkoxides or Carbocations as a Function of Hydrocarbon Nature and Active Site Structure

The mechanism of protonation of ethene, propene, and isobutylene adsorbed on seven different Brønsted acid sites of mordenite has been studied at the ONIOM (B3PW91/6-31G(d,p):MNDO) theoretical level to assess the influence of olefin size and local geometry of the active site on the species and energies involved. The activation energies for olefin protonation are determined by short- and medium-range electrostatic effects and reflect the order of stability of primary, secondary, and tertiary carbenium ions. On the other hand, the stability of covalent alkoxides depends linearly on the AlO(b)Si angle value in the complex, which in turn is determined by the corresponding value in the deprotonated zeolite. It is also shown that the mechanism of protonation of isobutylene is different from that of ethene and propene and involves a free tert-butyl carbenium ion as a true reaction intermediate. Whether this carbenium ion is converted into a covalent alkoxide depends on the T position on which the Al is located. All these findings allow us to predict, on the basis of the position and local geometry of the Brønsted acid site, whether the reaction intermediates of olefin protonation will be covalent alkoxides or free carbenium ions.