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X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAFS) is an attractive in situ and in operando technique. In recent years, the more conventional extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data analysis technique has been complemented by two newer analysis methods: the 'atomic' XAFS (AXAFS) technique, which analyzes the scattering from the absorber atom itself, and the Delta(mu) XANES technique, which uses a difference method to isolate the changes in the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) due to adsorbates on a metal surface. With AXAFS it is possible to follow the electronic effect a support has on a metal particle; with Delta(mu) XANES it is possible to determine the adsorbate, the specific adsorption sites and adsorbate coverage on a metal catalyst. This unprecedented new information helps a great deal to unravel the complex kinetic mechanisms operating in working reactors or fuel cell systems. The fundamental principles and methodology for applying the AXAFS and Delta(mu) XANES techniques are given here, and then specific applications are summarized, including H adsorption on supported Pt in the gas phase, water activation at a Pt cathode and methanol oxidation at a Pt anode in an electrochemical cell, sulfur oxidation on Pt, and oxygen reduction on a Au/SnO(x) cathode. Finally, the future outlook for time and/or space resolved applications of these techniques is contemplated.
Ramaker et al. (Fri,) studied this question.