Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
The data for the Japan portion of this paper were collected during my tenure as Fulbright Research Scholar 1977-78. I am indebted to the Fulbright Commission for their support and to the Japan Institute of Labour for providing research facilities. I also express my appreciation to the German Marshall Fund, which provided a research grant for collection of the Swedish data. Research facilities in Sweden were provided by the Department of Applied Psychology at Gothenberg University. Data collection for the U.S. portion was made possible by a grant from the Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. I am especially indebted to the countless number of business organizations and associations in all three countries that gave freely of their time in an attempt to educate me in the intricacies of organizational change. While I am grateful to the institutional benefactors, they are not responsible for my findings.
Robert E. Cole (Sun,) studied this question.