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This article analyses developments in research, especially the emergence of problem-oriented, so-called mode 2 research as a supplement to the more scientifically oriented, so-called mode 1 research. Developments in research are compared with research policy developments, focusing on the use of performance indicators such as a New Public Management inspired management tools. Two examples from Denmark and the United Kingdom describe how New Public Management thinking has gained ground in the overall management of the allocation of basic funds for university research. Based on the two examples and the analysis of research and research policy developments, the article argues that existing research indicators are lagging behind and need to be updated as they do not adequately reflect the politically desired mode 2 features of the public research system. Consequently, there is a need to develop and implement new and appropriate mode 2 indicators for measuring and managing public research. In conclusion, the article contributes to the development of such indicators by suggesting possible general indicators of mode 2-oriented research. These indicators need to be further developed and can be seen as an agenda for further research.
Ernø-Kjølhede et al. (Wed,) studied this question.