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A mathematical comparison of wavefront-curvature and triangulation methods for passive ranging is presented. The similarities of the two methods, coupled with an extension of previous triangulation results, are used to predict ranging errors due to any positional uncertainty in the receiving hydrophones. These results are compared with other theoretical results and shown to agree well. For a triple-aperture array, the relative range error is well approximated by twice the product of two terms. The first term is the ratio of the range of the source to the effective interarray separation. The second term is the ratio of the standard deviation of the midarray perturbation to the interarray separation.
G. Clifford Carter (Thu,) studied this question.