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The ability of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children to deceive a competitor in a hiding game was studied in three experiments in a paradigm similar to the one introduced by Woodruff & Premack (1979) for the study of deception in chimpanzees. The first two experiments showed a significant increase with age in the frequency of deceptive pointing, with children below the age of about 3 1/2 years consistently failing to deceive a competitor even under very conducive conditions. The third experiment showed that two deception tasks (deceptive pointing and telling a lie) were significantly more difficult for 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children than parallel ‘sabotage’ tasks (i.e. tasks testing the ability to physically prevent a competitor from gaining a reward). These findings are consistent with previous research on false belief representation in indicating a conceptual deficit in 3‐year‐old children. They are discussed with regard to recent controversies on the early acquisition of a theory of mind.
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Beate Sodian
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
British Journal of Developmental Psychology
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Beate Sodian (Fri,) studied this question.
synapsesocial.com/papers/69dd52358557d5ab8f40cecf — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1991.tb00869.x