Smoking and Smoking Cessation in Relation to All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in 25,464 Healthy Male Japanese Workers

In healthy young- and middle-aged Japanese males, a significant increase in HR for total CVD events was confirmed for a smoking level of 11-20 cigarettes/day. Quitting reduced the HR for total CVD events, with quitting for ≥ 4 years being statistically significant. A similar trend was observed for all-cause mortality.