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The electrochemical properties of surface oxides, particularly as they affect redox reactions at electrodes, are discussed. Experimental results on the effects of surface oxides on hydrogen evolution on nickel, on redox reactions on iron, on the hydrogen peroxide reactions on gold, and on oxygen evolution on lead are presented and discussed. The kinetics of formation and reduction of surface oxides are also examined with particular reference to gold electrodes where extensive measurements have been obtained.
A. C. Makrides (Sat,) studied this question.