Mechanism of Antiviral Activities of 3′-Substituted L-Nucleosides against 3Tc-Resistant HBV Polymerase: A Molecular Modelling Approach

Comparison of the active sites of the human HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and the homology-modelled hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase shows that the active sites of both enzymes are open to L-nucleosides, but the position where the 3'-substituent of the L-ribose projects in HBV polymerase is wider and deeper than HIV-1 RT, which enables the HBV polymerase to accommodate various 3'-substituted L-nucleosides. However, the space is not sufficient to accommodate a bulky 3'-substituent such as the 3'-azido group of L-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Analysis of the minimized structure of rtM204V HBV polymerase/3TCTP complex shows that, instead of the steric stress produced by rtV204, a loss of the van der Waals contact around the oxathiolane sugar moiety of 3TCTP caused by the mutation results in the disruption of the active site. Therefore, nucleosides, which are stabilized by additional specific interaction with the enzyme residues, can have more opportunities to circumvent the destabilization by the loss of hydrophobic interaction conferred by mutation. Specifically, the substitution at the 3'-position would be beneficial as the HBV polymerase has wide open space composed of the highly conserved motif (YMDD) where the 3'-substituents of the L-nucleosides project. As an example, our study shows that the 3'-fluorine atom contributes to the antiviral activity of L-3'-Fd4CTP against rtM204V HBV polymerase by readily compensating for the loss of the van der Waals interaction around the 2',3'-double bond through a formation of a hydrogen bond to the amide backbone of rtD205.