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pISSN 1738-429X eISSN 2234-4446 In most medical research the P value is commonly used to describe test results. Because the power of statistical test is influenced by sample size, the null hypothesis can be rejected (P 0.05) in most cases if the sample size is tremendously big even if the real difference (or relationship) is extremly small. To overcome the weakness of using the P value, effect size can be used in the statistical analysis. Effect size can be defined as the “degree to which the phenomenon (difference or relationship) is present in the population”. The effect size is used in sample size calculation, data interpretation and conducting meta-analysis. This manuscript describes limitations in using the P value and further introduces the concept of
Francis Sahngun Nahm (Thu,) studied this question.