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An orange-red organic light-emitting diode containing a heptazine derivative exhibits high performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 17.5 ± 1.3% and a peak luminance of 17000 ± 1600 cd m⁻² without any light out-coupling enhancement. The high electroluminescence performance can be ascribed to the presence of an efficient up-conversion channel from the lowest triplet state to the lowest singlet state.
Li et al. (Mon,) studied this question.