Altered Growth Responses of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells From Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension to Transforming Growth Factor-β 1 and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

We conclude that PASMCs from patients with PPH exhibit abnormal growth responses to TGF-beta(1) and BMPs and that altered integration of TGF-beta superfamily growth signals may contribute to the pathogenesis of PPH.