Varicella myocarditis presenting with unusual ventricular arrhythmias.

Abstract The majority of bacteria and archaea possess an RNA-guided adaptive and inheritable immune system against viruses and other foreign genetic elements that consists of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins. In most CRISPR-Cas systems, the maturation of CRISPR-derived small RNAs (crRNAs) is essential for functionality. In some bacteria, multiple instances of cas gene-free (orphan) repeat-spacer arrays exist, while additional instances of arrays that are linked to cas gene cassettes are present elsewhere in the genome. In the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, ten CRISPR-Cas repeat-spacer arrays are present, but only two cas gene cassettes plus a Tn7-associated eleventh array are observed. In this study, we deleted the two cas6 genes alr1482 (Type III-D) or alr1566 (Type I-D) and tested the specificities of the two corresponding enzymes in the resulting mutant strains, as recombinant proteins and in a cell-free transcription-translation system. The results assign the direct repeats (DRs) to three different groups. While Alr1566 is specific for one group, Alr1482 has a higher preference for the DRs of the second group but can also cleave those of the first group. We found that this cross-recognition limits crRNA accumulation for the Type I-D system in vivo. We also show that the DR of the cas gene-free CRISPR array of cyanophage N-1 is processed by these enzymes, suggesting that it is fully competent in association with host-encoded Cas proteins. The data support a strong tendency for array fragmentation in multicellular cyanobacteria and disfavor other possibilities, such as the nonfunctionality of these orphan repeat-spacer arrays. Our data demonstrate the functional coordination of Cas6 endonucleases with both neighboring and remote repeat-spacer arrays in the CRISPR-Cas system of cyanobacteria.