Safety and efficacy of nivolumab in the treatment of cancers: A meta‐analysis of 27 prospective clinical trials

Immune checkpoint inhibition therapy has benefited people and shown powerful anti-tumor activity during the past several years. Nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody against PD-1, is a widely studied immune checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of cancers. To assess the safety and efficacy of nivolumab, 27 clinical trials on nivolumab were analyzed. Results showed that the summary risks of all grade adverse effects (AEs) and grade ≥3 AEs were 0.65 and 0.12. The rate of nivolumab-related death was 0.25%. The most common any grade AEs were fatigue (25.1%), rush (13.0%), pruritus (12.5%), diarrhea (12.1%), nausea (11.8%) and asthenia (10.4%). The most common grade ≥3 AEs were hypophosphatemia (only 2.3%) and lymphopenia (only 2.1%). The pooled objective response rate (ORR), 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate and 1-year overall survival (OS) rate were 0.26, 0.40 and 0.52, respectively. The odds ratio of ORR between PD-L1 positive and negative was 2.34 (95% CI 1.77-3.10, p < 0.0001). The odds ratios of ORR, 6-month PFS rate and 1-year OS rate between nivolumab and chemotherapeutics were 2.77 (95% CI 1.69-4.56, p < 0.0001), 1.97 (95% CI 1.02-3.81, p = 0.04) and 1.87 (95% CI 1.46-2.40, p <0.0001), respectively. In conclusion, nivolumab has durable outcomes with tolerable AEs and drug-related deaths in cancer patients. Nivolumab monotherapy has better treatment response compared with chemotherapy, whereas chemotherapeutics have significantly higher risk of adverse effects than nivolumab.