Adverse Renal Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review

Ipilimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and has become the first immune checkpoint inhibitor to enter clinical practice, being recently approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Immune toxicity due to ipilimumab causing colitis, hepatitis, dermatitis and hypophysitis is well-described. We report on a case of acute renal failure resolving rapidly with high-dose corticosteroid treatment highlighting the importance of vigilance for rarer immune-related toxicities as clinical experience with ipilimumab grows.