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Batteries are extensively used to power electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and for many other power demanding applications, where the modeling of a battery plays a vital role in their efficiency, safety, and reliability. In this paper, initially different types of batteries used in the EVs and HEVs are investigated, according to the latest battery management systems (BMS). Li-Ion batteries are a popular source of EVs and HEVs because of their long-life span, high energy and power density, and good charging and discharging performance. However, there remain some issues associated with the deployment of Li-ion batteries, such as complex electrochemistry, degradation, and inaccurate battery health estimation. The latest techniques for the estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) are reviewed in a comparative table. The table furthermore helps in concluding the best estimation technique so far with respect to the models/algorithms, estimation errors, pros, and cons as well as the cost of the system. The electrification of vehicles has been a global trend including Asia and Pakistan. Subsequently, the paper explores implications of the increasing use of the electrified vehicles on the economy, environment and the energy efficiency.
Shah et al. (Thu,) studied this question.