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Abstract Water and energy systems are interdependent: water is utilized in each stage of energy production, and energy is required to extract, treat, and deliver water for many uses. However, energy and water systems are usually developed and managed independently. In the quest to develop environmentally friendly and energy‐efficient solutions for water and energy issues, photoelectrochemical (PEC) energy conversion and microbial electrochemical (MEC) systems show profound potential for addressing environmental remediation problems and harvesting energy simultaneously. Herein, PEC, MEC, and their variant hybrid systems toward energy conversion and environmental remediation are summarized and discussed.
Yang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.