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In the future, electric vehicles (EVs) are anticipated to dominate the urban transportation sector. To lessen the operational risk of existing distribution networks due to massive deployment of EVs, optimal planning and operation are vital as EVs elevate new charging demand. This article conducts a comprehensive study on the feasibility of integrating EVs into the existing distribution system, considering both slow and fast charging schemes. The problem is formulated as an objective function that minimizes the total price of charging incurred by the charging stations and the peak-to-average ratio. To diminish the negative impact of EVs on the node voltage in the distribution system, EVs are also modeled as a reactive power compensating device. Simulations are conducted on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network and an in-depth study is presented on the maximum feasible EV penetration to the existing system without augmentation. The problem is solved using a novel metaheuristic optimization called the water cycle algorithm. The proposed charging/discharging strategy works well and results in the housing of higher penetration of EVs in the distribution network along with a reduction in the charging price. Moreover, with the proposed coordinated strategy, the node voltage variation is found within the permissible limits.
Mazumder et al. (2020) studied this question.