Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space

Abstract The Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) mission is developing high performance clocks and links for space to test Einstein’s theory of general relativity. From the International Space Station, the ACES payload will distribute a clock signal with fractional frequency stability and accuracy of 1 × 10 −16 establishing a worldwide network to compare clocks in space and on the ground. ACES will provide an absolute measurement of Einstein’s gravitational redshift, it will search for time variations of fundamental constants, contribute to test topological dark matter models, and perform Standard Model Extension tests. Moreover, the ground clocks connected to the ACES network will be compared over different continents and used to measure geopotential differences at the clock locations. After solving some technical problems, the ACES flight model is now approaching its completion. System tests involving the laser-cooled Cs clock PHARAO, the active H-maser SHM and the on-board frequency comparator FCDP have measured the performance of the clock signal delivered by ACES. The ACES microwave link MWL is currently under test. The single-photon avalanche detector of the optical link ELT has been tested and will now be integrated in the ACES payload. The ACES mission concept, its scientific objectives, and the recent test results are discussed here together with the major milestones that will lead us to the ACES launch.