Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
James Patrick Connell, Margaret Beale Spencer, J. Lawrence Aber, Educational Risk and Resilience in African-American Youth: Context, Self, Action, and Outcomes in School, Child Development, Vol. 65, No. 2, Children and Poverty (Apr., 1994), pp. 493-506
Connell et al. (1994) studied this question.