Exploring protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) and PTP-1B inhibitors in management of diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disorder that knows no boundaries and is spread across the globe. It is one of the most widely spread metabolic disorder, which has now been described as a 'lifestyle' disease. According to the recent study conducted by International Diabetes Federation, the number of diabetic patients will rise from 463 million to 700 million by the year 2045. Conventional therapies often fail to define clear parameters and did not provide early detection in case of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Due to the limitations associated with these therapies, inclination of research is now focused on developing methods or exploring pathways which can overcome these hurdles. Considering these factors, protein tyrosine phosphatase is considered as a promising molecular level legitimate therapeutic target and is known to negatively regulate leptin and insulin signaling pathways. It has shown to be effective in the management of diabetes mellitus in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Various PTP-1B inhibitors have been studied which had shown promising results in the management of diabetes mellitus and associated complications as well. These inhibitors act by increasing insulin sensitivity by inhibiting PTP-1B mediated insulin pathway. In this article we will review the underlying mechanism of protein tyrosine phosphatase and its inhibitors by various PTP 1-B inhibitors for the management of diabetes mellitus and will further throw some light on the challenges and development of these inhibitors.