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Background: Existing measures of self-esteem are out of date and should be replaced. Global self-esteem measures need to be replaced by an efficient single-item measure suitable for everyday monitoring in clinical settings. Aspect-based measures of self-esteem need to be replaced by a measure that covers not only traditional influences on self-esteem but also contemporary influences brought about by the Internet and social media. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a new single-item measure of global self-esteem and a new and more modern multiple-item measure of aspect-based self-esteem. Method: A two-stage method was used. The first stage consisted of a search of academic studies, main media coverage, and social media coverage of self-esteem issues to identify the main traditional and contemporary ones. The second stage consisted of in-depth qualitative interviews to develop the two questionnaires. Results: Serious problems with the major existing measures of self-esteem were found and were taken into account in developing the two new measures. Two new measures are offered: the GSE-1, a new single-item measure of global self-esteem, and the ASE-13, a new aspect-based measure of self-esteem. Conclusions: The new global measure and aspect-based measure of self-esteem are suggested to be the most efficient and up-to-date measures available. They are easily translatable into other languages using Google Translate or similar, but should be checked for local wording before use.
John R. Rossiter (Sat,) studied this question.