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Soft actuators have received extensive attention in robotics and smart device applications due to their distinctive dexterity and compliance. Among them, hydraulic soft actuators play an important role in the area because they have much higher specific power and power density than other types such as pneumatic soft actuators. Nevertheless, the deformation of flexible materials in soft actuators brings about inherent hysteresis and nonlinearity, which severely hinders them from producing the desired movement in the presence of advanced control strategies. In this paper, previous research efforts made to enhance the driving capability and actuation efficiency of hydraulic soft actuators are illustrated and analyzed from the three aspects of architecture, materials, and control strategy. Meanwhile, the issues and challenges that have emerged when developing hydraulic soft actuators are discussed. Finally, the potential future development of hydraulic powered soft actuators is discussed.
Shi et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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