The Impact of the Healthcare Environment on Patient Experience in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review to Understand the Implications for Patient-Centered Design

The most commonly identified factors influencing patient experience in the ED included overcrowding and wait times, privacy, and communication; however, existing literature is limited. More research is needed to understand how ED environments configure patient experience and can be improved through design. Particularly, there is little research on participatory interventional strategies in the ED, despite strong evidence suggesting a need for stakeholder participation.