Developments in treatment technologies of dye-containing effluent: A review

In this industrialization era, the release of dye effluents into water bodies, which causes adverse effects on the environment and natural water resources, is increasing and therefore, the effluents must be adequately treated using environmentally friendly technologies before they are disposed of. This study provides an overview of the classification of design followed by the most current technologies, including new nanomaterials and biological, physical and chemical techniques, that are often employed to remove the dye from wastewater. Biological methods include aerobic, anaerobic degradation and bioremediation by bacteria, fungi and algae, while chemical methods comprise coagulation, electrocoagulation and conventional oxidation methods by oxidizing agents such as ozone, irradiation or electrochemical processes. Physical treatment methods such as adsorption, ion exchange, filtration and coagulation are also briefed. Among these, adsorption can be a very effective treatment for the decolourization of textile dye effluent. This review also discusses the capabilities, circumstances, significant process factors, benefits and drawbacks of various treatment methods. The most contemporary technologies often used to remove the dye from textile wastewater are compared in this study, emphasising the benefits and shortcomings of these diverse methods.