An Overview of Quantum-Safe Approaches: Quantum Key Distribution and Post-Quantum Cryptography

Common cryptographic algorithms may no longer be considered secure under future quantum computers, which will cause a serious threat to network security. Hence, investigating quantum-safe cryptography and evaluating the safety of traditional cryptographic algorithms are essential and have become urgent demands. In this paper, we study the quantum-safe cryptography approaches and conduct a survey of the various quantum key distribution protocols, simulation tools, and commercial applications. In addition, we provide a comparison of the first four post-quantum cryptographic algorithms recently announced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The challenges of quantum-safe approaches will be discussed, which aim to find future research directions in quantum cryptography.