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Abstract In this paper, a three-dimensional vision-aided method is proposed to improve global navigation satellite system (GNSS) real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning. To mitigate the impact of reflected non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reception, a sky-pointing camera with a deep neural network was employed to exclude these measurements. However, NLOS exclusion results in distorted satellite geometry. To fill this gap, complementarity between the low-lying visual landmarks and the healthy but high-elevation satellite measurements was explored to improve the geometric constraints. Specifically, inertial measurement units, visual landmarks captured by a forward-looking camera, and healthy GNSS measurements were tightly integrated via sliding window optimization to estimate the GNSS-RTK float solution. The integer ambiguities and the fixed GNSS-RTK solution were then resolved. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified using several challenging data sets collected in urban canyons in Hong Kong.
Wen et al. (2023) studied this question.