Advancements and comparative analysis of high-voltage direct current transmission technologies

This paper outlines the fundamental principles of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, elucidating its two primary variants: current-source converter (CSC) HVDC and voltage-source converter (VSC) HVDC. It also undertakes a comparative analysis with high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) technologies, focusing on aspects such as power transmission efficiency and cost-effectiveness, drawing upon prior research findings. Additionally, the paper underscores the critical role of circuit-breakers (CB) as essential components for controlling HVDC systems. HVDC technology plays a pivotal role in augmenting AC transmission systems, facilitating the integration of large-scale renewable energy sources, and enhancing the efficiency of expansive power grids over considerable distances. Its continued evolution and refinement are highly probable, given its indispensable role in the energy landscape.