Non-Invasive Predictive Biomarkers for Immune-Related Adverse Events Due to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are the most common complication of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. With the widespread use of ICIs in patients with solid tumors, up to 40% of the patients develop irAEs within five months of treatment, and 11% develop severe irAEs requiring interventions. A predictive test for irAEs would be a crucial tool for monitoring for complications during and after ICI therapy. We performed an extensive review of potential predictive biomarkers for irAEs in patients who received ICI therapy. Currently, only thyroid-stimulating hormone is utilized in common clinical practice. This is due to the unavailability of commercial tests and unclear predictive values from various studies. Given the lack of single strong predictive biomarkers, some novel approaches using composite scores using genomic, transcriptomics, cytokine levels, or clinical parameters appear appealing. Still, these have yet to be validated and incorporated into clinical practice. Further research conducted to validate the models before implementing them into real-world settings will be of the utmost importance for irAE prediction.