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Synthetic dyes used in textile industries are hazardous and toxic to the environment, as some of the dyes used in these industries are non-biodegradable. Sustainable technologies using microbes are an eco-friendly and economical approach. Fungal decolorization processes are gaining much importance as biomass absorbs enzymes used in biodegradation. In the current study, six samples of dye wastewater were collected from different industries in the Faisalabad industrial area in Pakistan. The physiological characteristics of these samples were analyzed, and various parameters, including pH, temperature, BOD, COD, and electric conductivity, were investigated. Among six different (sample A-F) wastewater samples, the maximum reduction in BOD was observed in sample E, i.e.,1.3.In contrast, the maximum reduction in COD of sample C, i.e., 30, was observed. These samples' hydrogen ion concentration (pH) was mainly in an alkaline ratio, and a maximum electric conductivity of 8810 µS/cm of sample A was observed. In contrast, a minimum sample E (540 mg/L) was observed. Three indigenous fungal strains were screened and purified from dye wastewater for detoxification of dyes and were identified morphologically and on a molecular basis as Aspergillus iranicus, Penicillium crustosum, and Aspergillus terreus. A comparative analysis of two methods, the tube overlay method and the liquid medium method, were conducted to biodetoxification synthetic dyes, including malachite green, methylene blue, and nigrosine. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that indigenous fungal strains, i.e., Penicillium crustosum decolorizing methylene blue at about 93%, followed by Aspergillus iranicus decolorizing malachite green at about 80% and Aspergillus terreus decolorizing about 90% of malachite green have good potential for degradation of dyes. These strains can be a potential source for treating textile dye effluent.
Mian et al. (Thu,) studied this question.