Abstract PO2-13-04: Single cell characterization of senescent CD8+ T cell promotes immunotherapy resistance in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract Background: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been explored in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and has been proven to improve patient survival in advanced TNBCs (IMpassion130) or increase the pathological complete response rate in early TNBCs (KEYNOTE522). However, ICB could only benefit a subset of patients, highlighting the urgent need to optimize patient selection. Unlike in advanced TNBCs, a predictive biomarker for ICB in early TNBCs is still lacking. The main reason might be that previous studies neglected the heterogeneity of tumor ecosystems between early and advanced TNBCs. There is an urgent need to understand the unique ecosystem of early-stage TNBC and develop biomarkers for precision immunotherapy. Objective: This study aims to characterize the micro-loop associated with the immune efficacy of early TNBC, so as to explain the mechanisms behind the differences in early and late efficacy markers, identify efficacy markers in early TNBC immunotherapy, and search for clinical targeting strategies to sensitize TNBC for neoadjuvant therapy. Methods: We conducted an in-depth analysis of 32 single-cell transcriptomes, comprising 26 early-stage TNBC enrolled in prospective clinical trials (NCT04418154 and NCT04613674), receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone (n=8) or combined with anti-PD1 (n=18), and 6 advanced TNBC. We analyzed the microenvironmental differences between early and advanced tumors, and between different treatment response groups in early stages, and identified a subpopulation of cells specific to early stages and associated with immunotherapeutic efficacy. We used mIHC, flow-through, and validated the presence of this cell in clinical samples. We also explored its predictive performance on four independent cohorts of TNBCs with ICB treatment (GSE194040, NCT04129996, GSE169246, GSE124821). Furthermore, to understand the impact of ISG+ T cells on immunotherapy efficacy and explore targeting strategies, we employed a multi-faceted approach to assess their tumor-killing ability, response to Anti-PD1 treatment, and sensitization effect of drugs targeting ISG+ T cells. ISG+ T cells were sorted using flow cytometry for further experiment. In vitro, we established a co-culture model of primary TNBC patients-derived organoid (PDO) and tumor infiltrated CD8+T cells and evaluated the tumor cell viability as well as T cell cytotoxicity. In vivo, we established TS/A tumor cell bearing BalB/c mouse and E0771 tumor cell-bearing C57BL mouse and measured tumor size and tumor microenvironment by flow cytometry. Results: We obtained 236,017 high-quality cells and identified cell subsets across 32 samples with different stages, treatments and responses. We then uncovered an enriched subset of interferon-induced (ISG+) CD8+ T cells specific to early TNBC, serving as a predictive factor for ICB resistance. Mechanistically, the upregulation of the IFN pathway in early-stage TNBC triggers a transition in ISG+ CD8+ T cells, resulting in cellular senescence, diminished cytotoxicity, and impaired response to ICB. Encouragingly, we made a noteworthy discovery that Nicotinamide mononucleotide, an anti-aging drug, effectively restores the functionality of ISG+ CD8+ T cells, amplifying immunotherapy sensitivity. Conclusions: This study provided a comprehensive single-cell transcriptome atlas of early-stage TNBC and depicted stage-related ISG+CD8+ T cell for predicting ICB response in early TNBC. We emphasize the critical role of T cell dysfunction prompted by cellular senescence in driving ICB resistance during the early stages of TNBC and propose an approach for sensitizing immunotherapy with aging drugs. Citation Format: Tong Fu, Yi-Yu Chen, Xi Jin, Yi-Zhou Jiang, Zhi-Ming Shao. Single cell characterization of senescent CD8+ T cell promotes immunotherapy resistance in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer abstract. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-13-04.