Sexual dimorphism in atherosclerotic plaques of aged Ldlr−/− mice

Abstract Background Atherosclerosis, the main underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid accumulation and immune cell responses in the vascular wall, resulting in plaque formation. It is well-known that atherosclerosis prevalence and manifestation vary by sex. However, sexual dimorphism in the immune landscape of atherosclerotic plaques has up to date not been studied at high-resolution. In this study, we investigated sex-specific differences in atherosclerosis development and the immunological landscape of aortas at single-cell level in aged Ldlr −/− mice. Methods We compared plaque morphology between aged male and female chow diet-fed Ldlr −/− mice (22 months old) with histological analysis. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry on CD45 + immune cells from aortas of aged Ldlr −/− mice, we explored the immune landscape in the atherosclerotic environment in males and females. Results We show that plaque volume is comparable in aged male and female mice, and that plaques in aged female mice contain more collagen and cholesterol crystals, but less necrotic core and macrophage content compared to males. We reveal increased immune cell infiltration in female aortas and found that expression of pro-atherogenic markers and inflammatory signaling pathways was enriched in plaque immune cells of female mice. Particularly, female aortas show enhanced activation of B cells ( Egr1 , Cd83 , Cd180 ), including age-associated B cells, in addition to an increased M1/M2 macrophage ratio, where Il1b + M1-like macrophages display a more pro-inflammatory phenotype ( Nlrp3 , Cxcl2, Mmp9 ) compared to males. In contrast, increased numbers of age-associated Gzmk + CD8 + T cells, dendritic cells, and Trem2 + macrophages were observed in male aortas. Conclusions Altogether, our findings highlight that sex is a variable that contributes to immunological differences in the atherosclerotic plaque environment in mice and provide valuable insights for further preclinical studies into the impact of sex on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.