“These industries have polluted consciences; we are unable to envision change“: Sense of place and lock-in mechanisms in Sulcis coal and carbon-intensive region, Italy

European coal and carbon-intensive regions (CCIRs) face the intricate challenge of navigating destabilization-reconfiguration pathways, requiring a nuanced understanding of how phase-out intertwines with innovation and lock-in mechanisms. The success of this transformation depends on a multitude of factors, including socio-political, economic, and material conditions, as well as psychosocial and cultural dimensions of place. This study examines how feedback loops between structural factors (i.e., socio-political, socio-economic, and infrastructural) and sense of place can either disrupt or reinforce lock-in mechanisms and path dependency in CCIRs. The study focuses on Sulcis CCIR (Sardinia, Italy), where extractive and metal industries are deeply ingrained in the region's culture and economy. To reconstruct the trajectory of the CCIR and gain in depth understanding of feedback mechanisms of path dependency across time, we triangulate different data sources including policy documents, newspapers, participatory workshops, and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings reveal the profound influence of a sense of place grounded in a shared industrial myth along with associated place meanings, identities, and memories on lock-in mechanisms. Positive feedback loops between sense of place and structural factors of lock-in have legitimated the dominance of coal and carbon-intensive industries across time, impeding the recognition of the need for change and obscuring windows of opportunity for low-carbon transformation. Following the definite destabilization of coal, dominant place meanings are being actively challenged, while the legacy of sense of place is serving as a guiding frame for shaping the legitimacy and imaginaries of place transformation and defining a just transition pathway. The study discusses the importance of recognizing and addressing the role of sense of place and its interaction with structural factors in perpetuating lock-in to ensure effective deliberate destabilization efforts and navigate a just reconfiguration of CCIRs.