Artificial Intelligence in Education: Implications for Policymakers, Researchers, and Practitioners

Abstract One trending theme within research on learning and teaching is an emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI). While AI offers opportunities in the educational arena, blindly replacing human involvement is not the answer. Instead, current research suggests that the key lies in harnessing the strengths of both humans and AI to create a more effective and beneficial learning and teaching experience. Thus, the importance of ‘humans in the loop’ is becoming a central tenet of educational AI. As AI technology advances at breakneck speed, every area of society, including education, needs to engage with and explore the implications of this phenomenon. Therefore, this paper aims to assist in this process by examining the impact of AI on education from researchers’ and practitioners' perspectives. The authors conducted a Delphi study involving a survey administered to N = 33 international professionals followed by in-depth face-to-face discussions with a panel of international researchers to identify key trends and challenges for deploying AI in education. The results indicate that the three most important and impactful trends were (1) privacy and ethical use of AI; (2) the importance of trustworthy algorithms; and (3) equity and fairness. Unsurprisingly, these were also identified as the three key challenges. Based on these findings, the paper outlines policy recommendations for AI in education and suggests a research agenda for closing identified research gaps.