Using the Improved YOLOv5-Seg Network and Sentinel-2 Imagery to Map Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia

Continuously monitoring and mapping glacial lake variation is of great importance for determining changes in water resources and potential hazards in alpine cryospheric regions. The semi-automated glacial lake mapping methods used currently are hampered by inherent subjectivity and inefficiency. This study used improved YOLOv5 strategies to extract glacial lake boundaries from Sentinel-2 imagery. These strategies include using the space-to-depth technique to identify small glacial lakes, and adopting the coordinate attention and the convolution block attention modules to improve mapping performance and adaptability. In terms of glacial lake extraction, the improved YOLOv5-seg network achieved values of 0. 95, 0. 93, 0. 96, and 0. 94 for precision (P), recall (R), mAP₀. 5, and the F1 score, respectively, indicating an overall improvement in performance of 12% compared to that of the newest YOLOv8 networks. In High Mountain Asia (HMA), 23, 108 glacial lakes with a total area of 1847. 5 km² were identified in imagery from 2022 using the proposed method. Compared with the use of manual interpretation for lake boundary extraction in test sites of HMA, the proposed method achieved values of 0. 89, 0. 87, and 0. 86 for P, R, and the F1 score, respectively. Our proposed deep learning method has improved accuracy in glacial lake extraction because it can address the challenge represented by frozen or high-turbidity glacial lakes in HMA.