Energy-Centric Clustering and Routing Using Seagull Optimization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), the imperative for energy-efficient clustering and routing protocols is indisputable. This protocol, designed to meet this critical demand, integrates advanced optimization techniques, aiming to augment network performance and extend system lifespan. Existing methods, while attempting to strike a balance between energy consumption and network lifetime, often encounter challenges, a refined solution. The proposed energy-centric clustering and routing protocol in WSN leverages the Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA). This innovative approach optimizes cluster formation and routing dynamics by giving precedence to nodes with higher residual energy, thereby enhancing overall network efficiency. By systematically addressing existing limitations, the SOA-based protocol attains commendable performance metrics, including energy consumption at 0.1435J, End-to-End Delay of 10.4566 sec, Throughput of 0.97498 Mbps, and Network Lifetime of 19,857 rounds. In a comparative analysis with MFA-SSO, HPSO-CSSO, DECR-GOA, and FMCB-ER, the proposed method emerges as superior, effectively overcoming challenges and optimizing operations in WSN.