Custom Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Titanium Truss Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis Implants for Failed Total Ankle Replacements: Classification, Technical Tips, and Treatment Algorithm

The management of failed total ankle replacements, with significant loss of bone stock, is challenging with high rates of complications and associated morbidity. Recent technological advances have enabled the development of patient-customized 3D-printed titanium truss arthrodesis implants, which offer an alternative salvage option for failed total ankle replacements.